75% of the annual magma output on Earth comes from submarine volcanoes and there are estimated to be over 1,000,000 of them (Mattox). To date, no one has ever observed a volcano erupting underwater. Observing volcanoes on land is our only model for underwater eruptions. It is possible in the subaerial realm to observe an eruption and then look at the subsequent deposition. When comparing this type of deposit with what we find in the submarine environment, we may infer the type of eruption that led to the formation. When comparing the two environments there are some important differences to take into account. In the submarine environment there may be up to 250X the pressure found at sea level, an eruption column underwater would be more contained than in the atmosphere, and lava erupted underwater would cool at a much faster rate, creating quenched volcanic glass.
The main purpose of this paper is to analyze aggregate fluctuations and cyclical comovements in the Mercosur area, as well as to draw conclusions on macroeconomic policy coordination. Our primary concern will be to characterize the fluctuations in GDP. We basically follow the literature on optimum currency areas (OCA) and exchange-rate-regime choice. Therefore, the issues that we discuss here are to a great extent those treated in that literature: the degree of symmetry of the business cycles, the identification of the sources of shocks, volatility, and the interactions between the cyclical movements of output and prices.
Our treatment of cyclical fluctuations, nonetheless, departs from the literature insofar as the emphasis we give to certain factors. This is basically due to the fact that the Mercosur presents a series of particularities that must be incorporated into the analysis. The most relevant are: first, that the Mercosur is a relatively recent regional integration agreement in which the degree of economic and trade integration is still low; second, its members are instability-prone medium-income countries and some are highly dollarized; and third, the countries have been hit by sizable shocks in the last five years and this has been detrimental to the integration process.
In this paper I want to examine the contradiction between women’s physical biological, body and the body as imagined, manipulated and defined by dominant patriarchal and neocolonialist aesthetics as a means of understanding the relationship between art, gender and politics in work by women working in the geo-political area of Mexico and Central America and by Latinas in the US.
