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Ebook Bank Integration And Business Volatility In The U.S.

Submitted by wulan on Wed, 06/16/2010 - 07:52

Banking in the United States was once highly disunited. Instead of a few, very large banks branched out across the states, we had essentially 50 separate banking systems, one for every state. Integration began in the late 1970s, as states began opening their doors to out-of-state banks.

Big bank holding companies marched in, forming even bigger companies by merging and buying up other holding companies and unit banks. This integration has not only produced larger (but fewer) U.S. banks, as many have noted, it has also transformed our fragmented banking industry of twenty-five years ago into a much more nationally integrated, geographically diversified system (Map).

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Ebook The status of animal feeds and nutrition in the West Shewa Zone of Oromiya, Ethiopia

Submitted by wulan on Wed, 08/12/2009 - 08:26

Livestock production is an integral component of almost all farming systems in the west Shewa zone. In the highlands and mid-altitudes livestock is mainly used for the supply of draught power and provision of food. Foreign income generated through the export of hides and skin is also an integral part of the country’s economy at the macro level. By-products of livestock in the form of manure are also of economic importance in the mixed crop livestock system for soil fertility improvement. The income generated from selling livestock and livestock products also forms the main income for the farming community in the highlands. In the low lands, livestock is the mainstay of the livelihoods of the pastoralists and agro-pastoralists. Despite its importance, the productivity and economic contribution of the sub-sector is challenged by various technical, socio- economic, political and institutional constraints.

Among the technical constraints, issues related to feed scarcity (quantitative and qualitative dimensions) are the overriding ones, primarily because of biological, economic and environmental issues. Biologically, the process of animal production is virtually a conversion of low quality products with limited alternative uses such as by-products into high quality products such as milk, meat and egg. In this process the quantity and quality of the livestock product is largely a function of the type of feed used and the art of feeding. There are substantial proofs that at the field level both production and reproductive performance are heavily constrained by the quantity and quality of feed. In economic terms, the feed cost usually accounts for 70% of the total cost of livestock production. This influences not only the productivity but also the feasibility of the enterprise. In terms of environmental issues, aspects of making livestock production compatible with resources are basically a function of provision of feed and an appropriate feeding system. Given appropriate management, livestock production is harmonious with the environment.

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Ebook Credit Risk versus Capital Requirements under Basel II: Are SME Loans and Retail Credit Really Different?

Submitted by wulan on Thu, 12/10/2009 - 02:54

Although non-financial corporate debt (bond issues and privately issued debt) has become more common in the past 10-20 years, bank loans are still the prime source of business finance, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). As a consequence, banks’ ex-ante assessment of the riskiness of loan applicants and the resulting decision to grant credit (or not) at some risk-adjusted interest rate, is of great importance for businesses. Bank regulators increasingly lean on the risk assessments made by banks: in the Basel Committee’s proposal for new capital adequacy rules, the so called Basel II Accord, internal risk ratings produced by banks have been given a prominent role.

Unlike previous regulation, the rules of Basel II will make the size of the required buffer capital contingent on a bank’s appraisal of ex-ante individual counterpart risk. It will be up to each bank to characterize the riskiness of the counterparts and loans in its portfolio by means of a relatively small number of risk categories or ”rating classes”. A special feature of the new regulation is that retail credit and loans to SMEs will receive a different treatment than corporate loans and will require less regulatory capital for given default probabilities. The main reason for this differential treatment is the supposedly low correlation between small business loans. Their risk is generally thought to be largely of an idiosyncratic nature.

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