... Assimilation , American Style, Peter D. Salins argues for the value of immigrants in American life while simultaneously mounting a ... spur to progress—while maintaining the essential division between center and margin—a means of ensuring a stable social ...
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Literature pertaining to the “liability of newness” contends that newer firms face particular difficulties and a greater risk of failure. This article seeks to determine if “newness” is also a disadvantage in the acquisition of debt capital. Results indicate that newer firms were significantly less likely to have lines of credit and were also significantly more likely to have been turned down for their most recent loan. Even when we control for length of relationship with the primary financial services provider, personal guarantees, and collateral, younger firms were still more likely to be turned down for loans.
During the 1990s the prevalence of smoking and the prevalence of obesity in creased among U. S. adolescents. In the Monitoring the Future Study, the percent of twelfth-graders who report having smoked any cigarettes in the last thirty days rose from 28.3 percent in 1991 to 35.1 percent in 1998; similar rises in 30-day prevalence occurred among eighth-graders and tenth-graders [Johnston, 2002]. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys indicates that the prevalence of overweight among 12-19 year olds rose from 10.5 percent to 15.5 percent during the 1990s; a similar rise in prevalence occurred among children aged 6-11. Both of these trends are troubling, because smoking and obesity are among the top causes of preventable death in the United States.
Body weight and smoking are interrelated. Adult smokers weigh less than non smokers and smoking cessation by adults results in an average weight gain of 2-3 kilograms. In contrast, young smokers may be heavier than, or weigh roughly the same as, young non-smokers. This discrepancy may exist because any anorectic effects of smoking are slow to accumulate or because adolescents are more likely than adults to use smoking as a method of weight control.
Domestic water supplies are one of the
