Chemical medicines such as disinfectant and insecticide, vaccine, and antibiotic have been frequently used for safeguard against chicken disease in poultry industry. However, every effort should be made also to produce high quality animal products without using these medicines and to reduce environmental contamination by efficient utilization of natural substances. Charcoal is a solid fuel made by dry distillation of wood, and powder of which is traditionally scattered on the floor in chicken house to reduce the smell of feces by adsorbing ammonia. A mixed powder of wood vinegar compounds and amorphous charcoal carbon (CWVC) has been used as an oral antidote to produce high animal productions. The dietary addition of CWVC to diets induced a significant increase in hen-day egg production and feed conversion ratio (Sakaida et al, 1987 a) and in broiler hatchability (Sakaida et al, 1987 b). Also in our preliminary feeding experiment, feed intake did not show a difference among 0, 1, 3 and 5% dietary CWVC diets, but the body weight gain of birds fed 1 % dietary CWVC diet was increased, improving the feed conversion ratio (unpublished).
Although the improved growth performance of chicken fed the dietary CWVC have been reported, the reason why CWVC induces such a powerful effective stimulation on growth performances has not been determined, but it may be related to their intestinal functions. The intestinal histological alterations are known to be induced by the fed diets (Langhout et al, 1999 ; Yasar and Forbes, 1999), and be intimately related to intestinal functions (Shamoto et ah, 1999 ; Shamoto and Yamauchi, 2000 ; Yamauchi et ah, 1996 ; Yamauchi and Tarachai, 2000). Therefore, it was thus of great interest to investigate the histological alterations of the intestinal villi in chickens fed the non-nutritive sorptive CWVC.
Architecture is a structured relationship of physical elements in which use, experience and memory are integral to its sense of shelter. Beginning with the drawn and built conceptions of the House at Yellow Sulfur Springs, structural fragments of the project included cast concrete studies, a desired relationship between surface, physical structure and light, an indirect path of entry and pre-existing qualities of the site. These fragments coalesced as a house with varying degrees of enclosure, a structure defined by material distinctions and assembly details, and a sensual path between inside and outside.
The experience of the 1990s, especially though not exclusively in the United States, renewed economists‘ interest in the role of credit in macroeconomic fluctuations. Among the insights of this view is that not just money but also credit matters for macroeconomic and financial conditions. Not just banks but also nonbank financial intermediaries and securities markets play an important role in the provision of credit to households and firms. Not just macroeconomic policy but also the structure, regulation and response of the financial system shape the development of financial conditions and thereby macroeconomic dynamics. The policy implication drawn by some is that central banks should not simply set monetary policy with an eye toward inflation; they should also attend to conditions in credit markets and contemplate preemptive action to prevent the development of excesses that threaten economic stability even if there is no sign of inflationary pressure. Economists at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) have been forceful proponents of this position, which for want of a better label is referred to as the BIS view.
A capsule account of the role of credit in macroeconomic cycles, as informed by the experience of the 1990s, would go something like this. There is first an upswing in economic activity. As the economy expands, banks and financial markets provide an expanding volume of credit to finance the growth of both consumption and investment, particularly where regulation is lax and competition among bank and non bank financial intermediaries is intense. Whether because the exchange rate is pegged or for other reasons such as a positive supply shock, upward pressure on wholesale and retail prices is subdued. Hence, the central bank has no obvious reason to tighten and stem the growth of money and credit, leading to a further expansion of output and further increase in credit.
