Musculoskeletal dysfunction is a common manifestation of haemophilia, and may be associated with imbalances between muscle groups. Evidence emerging from the literature suggests that the rehabilitation of this dysfunction is very relevant for the patient with musculoskeletal problems. Treatment of muscle imbalances may be linked with a reduction in recurrence of symptoms. Further research is needed to establish the relevance of this area in patients with haemophilia but the clinical experience supports the developing work in this field.
The privatization procedure is an important factor of economic adjustment programmes being adopted by a large number of governments internationally. Privatization is defined as the total or partial outlet of public enterprises from the government control. The transfer of control has reference to the transfer of the share capital, the right to appoint the majority of the members of the Board of Directors, or finally the transfer of the management of the enterprise.
The British government of Thatcher the first to introduce privatization in the early 1980’s, having to deal with a cautious investment community. For more than two decades, developed and developing economies participate in a variety of privatization programmes and today privatization constitutes a useful tool for the governments internationally in order to improve the operational efficiency of the state owned enterprises and/or to raise capital from the private sector to the benefit of the government budget.
The mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) is native to pine (Pinus) forests throughout western North America. Periodic population eruptions occur when an abundance of susceptible host trees coincides with climatic conditions amenable for beetle survival (e.g., Taylor and Carroll 2004). Although epidemic populations are a natural component of forest disturbance, large infestations have substantial impacts and provide unique challenges to forest managers (Safranyik et al. 1974; Safranyik and Carroll 2006). At present, Western Canada is experiencing the largest mountain pine beetle epidemic on record. By 2006, over 9 million ha of lodgepole pine forest had been infested (Westfall 2007).
To date, stand-scale mountain pine beetle relationships have been used to develop landscape-scale management models (see Nelson et al. 2006c for a discussion). However, using relationships observed at a stand scale for landscape-scale management may be problematic as the general principle of ecological fallacy indicates that relationships do not necessarily hold across spatial scales (Wiens 1989; Levin 1992). By locating and exploring high-intensity infestations (termed “hot spots”in this paper), it is possible to characterize landscape conditions favourable for hosting large beetle populations. Such analysis is important in improving our knowledge of mountain pine beetle dynamics over large areas.
