Chemical medicines such as disinfectant and insecticide, vaccine, and antibiotic have been frequently used for safeguard against chicken disease in poultry industry. However, every effort should be made also to produce high quality animal products without using these medicines and to reduce environmental contamination by efficient utilization of natural substances. Charcoal is a solid fuel made by dry distillation of wood, and powder of which is traditionally scattered on the floor in chicken house to reduce the smell of feces by adsorbing ammonia. A mixed powder of wood vinegar compounds and amorphous charcoal carbon (CWVC) has been used as an oral antidote to produce high animal productions. The dietary addition of CWVC to diets induced a significant increase in hen-day egg production and feed conversion ratio (Sakaida et al, 1987 a) and in broiler hatchability (Sakaida et al, 1987 b). Also in our preliminary feeding experiment, feed intake did not show a difference among 0, 1, 3 and 5% dietary CWVC diets, but the body weight gain of birds fed 1 % dietary CWVC diet was increased, improving the feed conversion ratio (unpublished).
Although the improved growth performance of chicken fed the dietary CWVC have been reported, the reason why CWVC induces such a powerful effective stimulation on growth performances has not been determined, but it may be related to their intestinal functions. The intestinal histological alterations are known to be induced by the fed diets (Langhout et al, 1999 ; Yasar and Forbes, 1999), and be intimately related to intestinal functions (Shamoto et ah, 1999 ; Shamoto and Yamauchi, 2000 ; Yamauchi et ah, 1996 ; Yamauchi and Tarachai, 2000). Therefore, it was thus of great interest to investigate the histological alterations of the intestinal villi in chickens fed the non-nutritive sorptive CWVC.
Banking is one of the most regulated industries in the world. Among various regulatory measures, the regulation of bank capital is crucial due to the important role it plays in banks’ soundness and risk-taking behavior, and its influence on the competitiveness of banks. In practice, a key aspect of capital regulation is the calculation of minimum regulatory capital, which is typically based on the credit risk of bank assets.
A unified regulatory capital framework, which applied to all internationally active banks, was first introduced in 1988 by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). It was commonly known as Basel I (BCBS 1988). However, the risk matrix was very simple in the sense that the risk weights were practically the same for bank loans of different risk. The low sensitivity arguably could have led to severe market distortions as banks swapped low-risk assets against high-risk ones with more favorable risk weighting (regulatory arbitrage). Reflecting this, in June 2004, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision released a revision of the existing accord on capital regulation, known as Basel II (BCBS 2006). One of the most remarkable changes under the new framework was the introduction of a more risk-sensitive capital standard.
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