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Page - acrobat - 12/27/2009 - 06:28 - 0 comments - 0 attachments

Ebook The Statistical Variance Of Blood Glucose Levels Of Medicial Intensive Care Unit Patients While On An Insulin Infusion Protocol

Submitted by puput on Fri, 03/19/2010 - 02:13

Nurses and physicians caring for critically ill patients in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) are continually looking for ways to improve patient outcomes and decrease morbidity and mortality. In 2004 the mortality rate for ICU patients was approximately 20% (Lewis et al., 2004). Hyperglycemia is a common problem in the ICU patient population in both those with a known diagnosis of diabetes and those without (Umpierrez et al., 2002). The incidence of hyperglycemia may be as high as 50% in the nondiabetic ICU patient (Roberts & Hamedeni, 2004). Consequently, many ICUs have started to implement insulin infusion protocols (IIPs) to combat the hyperglycemia found in the ICU patient.

Hyperglycemia in the hospital setting is thought to lead to increased mortality and morbidity, increased length of stay, decreased wound healing, and increased infection rates (Van Den Berghe, 2001). Intensive study into IIPs has begun to emerge in hospitals around the world to decrease the incidence of hyperglycemia in ICU patients.

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Ebook Do Tests of Capital Structure Theory Mean What They Say?

Submitted by puput on Thu, 07/15/2010 - 06:27

Recent empirical research in capital structure has focused on regularities in the cross section of leverage to distinguish between various theories of financing policy. Both book and market leverage are related to profitability, book-to-market, and firm size. Changes in market leverage are largely explained by changes in equity value. Past book-to-market ratios have been shown to predict current capital structure. Firms appear to use external debt financing too conservatively, with the leverage of stable, profitable firms being particularly low. Even if firms have a target level of leverage, they move towards it slowly, at a “snail’s pace” (Fama and French (2002)). Firms with low and high leverage react differently to external economic shocks. Existing explanations for these findings are related to various versions of the pecking order, trade-off or market timing theories. Each of these theories is supported by some evidence and challenged by other evidence. This paper attempts to reconcile these apparently conflicting results by providing a quantitative, as well as qualitative, connection between empirical cross-sectional studies of capital structure and dynamic models of optimal financing behavior.

The starting point is a simple but, I believe, powerful observation: in a dynamic economy with frictions the leverage of most firms, most of the time, is likely to deviate from “optimal leverage” prescribed by a model of optimal financial policy. With transaction costs optimizing shareholders will prefer to adjust leverage by issuing or retiring securities infrequently, at “refinancing points”. One simple consequence of this observation is that, even if firms follow a certain model of financing behavior, a static model may nonetheless fail to explain differences between firms in a cross-section since, between refinancing points, the actual and “optimal” leverage differ. It has been long recognized that deviations from optimal leverage may create problems for interpreting the results of empirical research. For example, Myers (1984, p. 578) emphasizes that “any cross-sectional test of financing behavior should specify whether firms’ debt ratios differ because they have different optimal ratios or because their actual ratios diverge from optimal ones”.

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Ebook Access To Credit In The Alternative Consumer Credit Market

Submitted by wulan on Tue, 09/15/2009 - 02:45

This paper concerns access to credit for vulnerable consumers. Its focus is consumer protection but the topic is wider than conventional understandings of consumer protection. It raises issues such as financial exclusion and its relationship to social exclusion, as well as issues of urban development. Some of the issues discussed are not new to the public policy agenda.

The search to provide small loans to lower income consumers at reasonable prices has a long history, and the Croll-Basford report in 1967 outlined a central issue in consumer credit policy to be “the plight of the low income families who are from time to time in desperate need of credit for necessary goods and services but to whom commercial credit is either not readily available or not available at all”. Students of consumer law are familiar also with David Caplovitz’ classic text “The Poor Pay More” written in the early 1960s. There have, however, been changes in the economy and social structure since that time and I examine the implications of these changes for consumers as well as assessing approaches which have been taken to protect vulnerable consumers.

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