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Ebook The Great Tree Of Healthy Eating And Seasons Haudenosaunee Food Model: Culturally Specific Approaches To Encouraging Healthy Eating Habits

Submitted by puput on Thu, 02/25/2010 - 03:14

The health status of Native Americans and Alaska Natives across the United States is dire. Chronic disease runs rampant, drastically increasing mortality and lowering quality of life. Diabetes is especially prevalent, a fact that has been noted and researched with Native American and Alaska Native communities for decades. In response to these distressing health statistics, several tribes have initiated exercise and healthy eating programs, some of which have incorporated traditional eating practices. The traditional diets of tribes before contact with Europeans were developed over centuries to best utilize the surrounding plants and wildlife while optimizing health, and they were tailored to the needs of the specific tribes.

After contact with Europeans, and later Americans, traditional diets have deteriorated because of removal from traditional land bases and hardships associated with conquest and violent conflict. Tribes were also given rations by the federal government, which were incorporated into diets out of necessity, and were neither particularly healthy or anything they were used to. Current diets in many tribes have some traditional influences, but are mostly made up of what the general U.S. population eats. In concurrence with the mindset of programs that encourage traditional food programs, a few food models (e.g., similar to the USDA Food Guide Pyramid) tailored to specific traditional Native diets have been created over the past several years.

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Accounting Ebook: Accounting for Business Combinations: A Test for Long-Term Market Memory

Submitted by acrobat on Sat, 10/18/2008 - 13:23

The purpose of this research is to examine whether accounting methods for business combinations (purchase and pooling of interests accounting) have a different effect on firms’ market value of equity in the combination year and thereafter. In particular, after the accounting method is no longer disclosed in the financial statements, does it have an impact on market value of equity of the combined firms because the accounting figures are different? A five-year period subsequent to a particular business combination is used because public companies are not required to disclose the details of the combination for more than three years after the effective date of the combination. This research, thus, tests whether market participants still take into consideration the accounting method of past business combinations when this information is no longer disclosed in the financial statements. In addition to the testing of the impact of the accounting methods, the value-relevance of goodwill amortization is investigated.

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Ebook Liquidity and Asset Prices in Rational Expectations Equilibrium with Ambiguous Information

Submitted by puput on Sat, 07/17/2010 - 02:12

Information in financial markets is plentiful. There are earnings reports, announcements of macroeconomic indices, political news, expert opinions, and many others. Investors use various pieces of information to update their expectations about asset returns. In standard models of asset markets, agents update their prior probabilistic beliefs about asset returns in Bayesian fashion upon observing an information signal drawn from a precisely known distribution. The quality of some information signals in the markets may be difficult to judge. Investors may not have a single probability belief about the information signal.

The situation of insufficient knowledge of probability distribution is, of course, reminiscent of the famous Ellsberg Paradox where agents have to choose between bets based on draws from an urn with a specified mix of balls of different colors and an urn with an unspecified mix. Many agents choose bets with known odds over the bets with the same stakes but unknown odds. A decision criterion which - unlike the standard expected utility - is compatible with this pattern of preferences is the maxmin (or multiple-prior) expected utility. Under the maxmin expected utility, an agent has a set of probability beliefs (priors) instead of a single one, and evaluates an action, such as taking a bet, according to the minimum expected utility over the set of priors. Such behavior is often referred to as ambiguity aversion, for it indicates the dislike of uncertainty with unknown or ambiguous odds. Axiomatic foundations of maxmin expected utility are due to Gilboa and Schmeidler (1987).

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