On October 7th, 2004, a workshop was held on the topic ‘Challenges for a healthy heart for European women’ at the 7th European Health Policy Forum in Gastein, Austria. The objective of this workshop was to explore the breadth of issues facing the newly enlarged Europe in the promotion and management of cardiovascular health for Europe's 228 million women.
The event featured speakers from a wide array of perspectives from across Europe the practicing cardiologist, the gynaecologist, the pharmaceutical industry, the EU policymaker, the patient advocacy group, the health economist, the health promotion organisation and the health management academic were all represented. The mix of speakers made for a lively discussion. Yet all speakers relayed similar strong messages: heart disease is the major killer of women in Europe, awareness of its importance is dismally low, and the time is ripe for focused efforts to reduce the burden that heart disease poses to women and society in general.
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Several compensation systems have arisen as alternatives to tort. The tort system makes the defendant actors pay the tort judgments out of their own pockets after the injury has taken place. However, it would be possible to be covered against the potential tort liability by, buying beforehand, liability insurance and paying a risk premium before the accident occurs. For many accidental injuries, tort liability coexists with various sources of compensation for harm such as private insurance, Social Security and Compensation Funds. The coordination problems affecting these heterogeneous compensation mechanisms have vexed lawyers for decades, and recently have started to be analyzed from an economic perspective.
Nonetheless, there are substantial differences between these alternative compensation schemes and tort liability. First, liability triggered in these alternative compensation systems does not, as does most of tort, rest on determinations of fault. Second, recoveries are not measured on a case-by-case basis, as in tort, but rather under compensation parameters determined before the injury has taken place. Finally, these non-fault systems typically compensate less for economics losses because they do not include reduction in earning capacity and exclude intangibles such as pain and suffering.
