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Ebook Dietary Intake Of Adult Women In South Africa And Nigeria With A Focus On The Use Of Spreads

Submitted by puput on Fri, 10/09/2009 - 02:06

This study examined nutrient intake, dietary habits, and the weight status of adult women in South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria, with a focus on breakfast intake and the use of spreads on bread. Dietary intake from South African women was based on secondary data analysis of dietary studies which were already undertaken previously (n=992), and those from the National Food Consumption Survey and the South African Demographic and Health Study. A sample of 1008 women was randomly selected from all adult women in Kenya, as a representative sample of four districts. Data from Nigeria came from a national survey undertaken in 2003. In all three studies, fieldworkers were trained to do personal interviews using specific questionnaires with each participant at their homes, namely a socio-demographic questionnaire, and a 24-hour recall questionnaire. Furthermore, each participant was weighed and waist and hip circumferences were measured. Reliability of the 24-hour recalls in Kenya were checked by means of repeated interviews on a sub-sample of 10% of the participants (n=104).

Overall, South African women had an energy intake of 7239 kJ, carbohydrate intake of 244.5 g, protein intake of 61.6 g and a fat intake of 46.6 g while this was 6967 kJ, 231.1 g, 42.4 g and 62.3 g, respectively, in Kenyans. Generally, South African macronutrient and mineral intakes were higher than those of Kenyans were, with the exception of fat, saturated fat and iron intake. Fat intake as a percentage of total energy intake was greater in Kenya (33.1%) compared to that in South Africa (22.9%). Dietary data for South Africa showed that calcium, iron, folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin D were the most deficient in the diet. In Kenya, the most deficient nutrients were also calcium, vitamin B6, niacin, vitamin D, and folate; additionally niacin, thiamine and riboflavin intakes were low.

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Download Free Ebooks PDF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER OPERATIONS - CRYSTALLIZATION

Submitted by sevy on Sat, 07/12/2008 - 22:59

Download Free PDF Ebooks HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER OPERATIONS - CRYSTALLIZATION
Crystallization is a thermal separation, and therefore a purification process that yields a
solid product from a melt, from a solution or from a vapour. As for all thermalseparations, nonequilibrium conditions are required as a driving force for the process. Here, evaporation of solvent or temperature reduction (cooling) are the most frequent means employed to establish the required non-equilibrium conditions. Pressure can, in principle, also be used to enforce the non-equilibrium state necessary for a phase change.

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PDF Ebook The Cash Flow Sensitivity of Cash

Submitted by antoq on Fri, 06/12/2009 - 09:03

We use the link between financial constraints and a firm’s demand for liquidity to develop a new test of the effect of financial constraints on firm policies. The effect of financial constraints can be captured by a firm’s propensity to save cash out of incremental cash inflows (the cash flow sensitivity of cash). While constrained firms should have a positive cash flow sensitivity of cash, unconstrained firms’ cash savings should not be systematically related to cash flows. We estimate the cash flow sensitivity of cash using a large sample of manufacturing firms over the 1971-2000 period and find that firms that are more likely to be financially constrained display a significantly positive cash flow sensitivity of cash, while unconstrained firms do not. Also consistent with our argument, we find that constrained firms’ cash flow sensitivity of cash increases during recessions, while unconstrained firms’ cash—cash flow sensitivity is unaffected by macroeconomic innovations. The use of cash flow sensitivities of cash appears to be a theoretically justified, empirically useful method to test for the importance of financial constraints.

Two important areas of research in corporate finance are the effects of financial constraints, and the manner in which firms perform financial management. These two issues, although often studied separately, are fundamentally linked. As originally proposed by Keynes (1936), a major advantage of a liquid balance sheet is that it allows firms to undertake valuable projects when they arise. However, Keynes also argued that the importance of balance sheet liquidity is influenced by the extent to which firms have access to external capital markets (p. 196). If a firm has unrestricted access to external capital – that is, if a firm is financially unconstrained – there is no need to safeguard against future investment needs and corporate liquidity becomes irrelevant. Despite the link between financial constraints and corporate liquidity demand, the literature that examines the effects of financial constraints on firm behavior has traditionally focused on corporate investment demand.

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