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Story - acrobat - 09/09/2008 - 09:47 - 0 comments - 0 attachments
The 2008 edition of the OECD Information Technology Outlook (December 2008) showed that the downturn in the ICT sector was deepening rapidly and that official short-term indicators had not yet started to show the depth and rapidity of the decline. Tracking the rapid slump in the ICT sector has been particularly difficult. Unlike the 2001-2002 recession which began with the bursting of the Internet bubble, the current recession began in the financial services sector due to deep-seated systemic weaknesses in OECD banks and insurance companies. The financial crisis rapidly worsened and spilled over from the United States to other countries and fed the subsequent crisis in the real economy. Despite massive government attempts to stabilise it, the financial system remains fragile, undermining global economic activity, and unemployment is rising rapidly.
The magnitude of the financial crisis and subsequent deep economic recession were difficult to foresee. OECD macroeconomic projections shifted down sharply in the 10 weeks from early September 2008 to mid-November 2008, from a rapid slowdown in growth and the onset of recession in some OECD countries to the OECD area as a whole entering recession and unemployment rising in many OECD countries. The subsequent OECD Interim Economic Outlook in March 2009 and the OECD Economic Outlook in June 2009 have tracked the development of the deepest and most wide-spread global recession for more than 50 years, with real GDP declining in all OECD countries in 2009, non-OECD countries slowing sharply, real world growth turning negative, and trade declining rapidly in real terms.
During the financial crisis of 2007 to 2009, there was a stunning difference in how assetmarkets were affected according to their infrastructure. Markets with centralized trading functioned rather well. To the contrary, in over-the-counter markets where trading takes place on a decentralized and ad-hoc basis and where assets are less standardized and arguably more opaque trading came to a halt. Most prominently, collateralized debt obligations, asset backed securities and commercial paper were traded only sporadically or not at all (see Gorton and Metrick, 2010). This prompted massive government intervention in the from of short-term liquidity provision and long-term asset purchases which led to a (partial) resurrection of trading in these markets over time.
Fatty acids are an essential component of the phospholipids of the inner and outer membranes of Escherichia coli. The synthesis of both fatty acids and phospholipids is regulated. Synthesis increases when growth rate increases, is inhibited when starvation occurs, and the fatty acid composition of the membrane changes with growth temperature. Several
genes encoding enzymes involved in membrane synthesis are located in the rpmF-plsX-fab operon. In this operon, a gene encoding a phospholipid synthetic gene of unknown function, plsX, lies just downstream of the ribosomal protein gene rpmF and upstream of five fatty acid biosynthetic genes, fabH, fabD, fabG, acpP, and fabF. The operon is also complex; transcription is initiated from at least eight promoters.
