In Brazil, the indiscriminate use of different drugs, for both ergogenic and aesthetic purposes, has attracted attention and caused concern. Such use is being increasingly spread in environments where physical exercises are practiced, especially gym academies and sports associations.
Most of the times, it comes from an illegal trade, with no control from sanitary surveillance departments, carried out in the physical exercise practice facilities, and with direct or indirect involvement of the professional in charge of the physical exercise sessions. Typically, under these circumstances, there is no prescription from a specialist physician and/or guidance from a sports science-trained dietitian, who are the qualified professionals to act in such context. What should be considered only for specific circumstances, and always under control of qualified professionals, tends to be used by individuals, with no indication whatsoever. The financial interest prevails on the well-being and health of the population. And even when there is the involvement of physicians and dietitians, many a time the recommendation for use of products is made empirically, with no specific knowledge nor scientific grounds to support it.
This study examines the change in capital structure as an economic consequence of Regulation Fair Disclosure (FD). Regulation FD, implemented by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in October 2000, puts more constraints on corporate disclosure in the equity market than in the debt market. In the equity market, the regulation prohibits any selective disclosure of material information by firms to favored market professionals. In the debt market, on the other hand, it grants an exemption to credit rating agencies and does not apply to banks. Because of the standard differential requirements between the two markets, firms who seek to raise capital may have incentives to turn to the debt market where private disclosure is still available. My results support this prediction.
China has a long tradition of Confucianism, which emphasizes the subordinate roles of females in the society, as illustrated by the famous saying “lack of talent is a virtue of women” (nuzi wucai bianshi de). Although such beliefs have been diminishing during the planned economy (1949-1978) when the Chinese central government implemented a system of national wage scales based on the socialist egalitarianism principle wage dispersion due to human capital characteristics was suppressed, the portion of females in top organization jobs still remains low and gender earning differential still exists.
Several studies have investigated the gender earnings differential in recent years and shown an increasing gap between males and females (e.g. Zhang et al., 2008) in the last two decades. It is also shown that the gap is particularly large at the lower end of the earning distribution; however the gap widened greatly at the upper end in most recent years (2001-2004),
