Dyspepsia, which has multiple causes, is either organic or functional. Organic dyspepsia refers to conditions caused by diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract - particularly peptic ulcers, as well as oesophageal and gastric cancer - that can be detected during an examination. Functional dyspepsia is the default diagnosis when a thorough clinical investigation does not point to an organic cause or demonstrably impaired gastrointestinal function. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) involves the backflow of stomach contents through the lower oesophageal sphincter into the oesophagus, typically causing the symptoms of heartburn and acid regurgitation or waterbrash (bitter regurgitation). Oeso- phagitis can sometimes be detected by an OGD.
This thesis examines individuals’, organizations’, and nations’ characteristics and actions as determinants of labor market inequality. Labor market inequality is an important question in both public policy and sociology, and has been of particular interest in recent years as American and European wage inequality (before taxes and transfers) has increased.
Emerging markets borrow substantial amounts of foreign debt. Most of what they borrow, they eventually repay even though there are no clear punishments available to creditors. This paper provides an answer to why these countries repay their debts.
