In many wireless networks, the power consumption of communication nodes is a critical issue. In addition, typical wireless channels suffer from signal fading which, for a given average transmit power, significantly reduces communication capacity and range. If the channel is slow and flat fading, channel coding does not help and spatial diversity may be the only effective option that can either reduce the average transmit power or increase communication range.
Results on space-time coding (STC) have shown that the use of antenna arrays at the transmitter and receiver can significantly educe transmit energy. However, for many applications with low-cost devices such as wireless sensor networks, deployment of multiple antennas at each node is too costly to implement due to severe constraints on both the size and power consumption of analog devices.
Economic and regulatory capital are two terms frequently used in the analysis of the new framework for bank capital regulation proposed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2004), known as Basel II. In particular, many discussions have highlighted the objective of bringing regulatory capital closer to economic capital. For example, Gordyand How ells (2006, p. 396) state that "the primary objective under Pillar 1 (of Basel II) is better alignment of regulatory capital requirements with economic capital demanded by investors and counterparties."
One of the most important factors behind intertemporal variations in market structure, as well as prices, output and profitability of firms in an industry, is productivity and technology improvements occurring at firm-level. Activities such as research and development (R&D) and innovation which lead to the emergence and adoption of new technologies are crucial factors behind such changes. These activities are potentially beneficial to all firms and even if direct "free-riding" is prevented by patents, there are widespread indirect spill-over effects.
