... to modernize the ten-foot wind tunnel of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. Part one ...
Story - antoq - 10/01/2010 - 08:51 - 0 comments - 0 attachments
After several decades of remarkable stability, the U.S. gender wage gap began to narrow substantially after about 1980 (e.g. Blau and Kahn 2000). A well known explanation of this fact is based on changes in women’s labor market experience (e.g. Goldin 1989; O’Neill and Polachek 1993). Simply put, this “experience” hypothesis argues that because earlier generations of women experienced more frequent labor market interruptions, their earnings tended to fall behind the earnings of men in their cohort as they aged. According to this hypothesis, this rate of “falling behind” should be less severe among later generations of women, who accumulate experience at almost the same rate as their male counterparts.
While some studies do present descriptive statistics that allow cohorts to be followed over time (e.g. O’Neill and Polachek 1993, Table 2; Blau and Kahn 2000, Table 1), existing analyses of the recent rise in women’s relative earnings have concentrated most of their attention on the earnings premium associated with (actual or potential) experience across a series of cross section regressions. Most recently, O’Neill (2003) has shown dramatic evidence of changes in the slope of this cross-sectional relationship. At the same time, direct and detailed examination of the within-cohort relative wage growth experience of women, especially since the 1980’s “takeoff” of women’s relative earnings, has been surprisingly rare.
To properly understand advertising or to learn even its rudiments one must start with the right conception. Advertising is salesmanship. Its principles are the principles of salesmanship. Successes and failures in both lines are due to like causes. Thus every advertising question should be answered by the salesman's standards.
Let us emphasize that point. The only purpose of advertising is to make sales. It is profitable or unprofitable according to its actual sales.
It is not for general effect. It is not to keep your name before the people. It is not primarily to aid your other salesmen. Treat it as a salesman. Force it to justify itself. Compare it with other salesmen. Figure its cost and result. Accept no excuses which good salesmen do not make. Then you will not go far wrong.
The difference is only in degree. Advertising is multiplied salesmanship. It may appeal to thousands while the salesman talks to one. It involves a corresponding cost. Some people spend $10 per word on an average advertisement. Therefore every ad should be a super-salesman.
Urban runoff pollution is commonly considered the nation’s number one water quality problem. Stormwater issues have increasingly become a key consideration in land use planning and development over the last several years in San Diego County. The San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board (Board) first approved San Diego’s Municipal Stormwater Permit in 1990 (Order No. 90-42) and renewed the permit in 2001 (Order No. 2001-01), which required all jurisdictions to develop and implement a stormwater program. On January 24, 2007, the Board adopted the revised Municipal Stormwater Permit (Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) Order No. R9-2007-0001). The revised permit contains standards and requirements which are intended to further reduce the pollution that enters local streams, creeks, bays and beaches. San Diego County jurisdictions are mandated by the permit to regulate new and existing development and redevelopments (that add or increase impervious cover by 5,000 sq. ft.) to comply with stormwater requirements.
As part of the revised Municipal Stormwater Permit, San Diego jurisdictions must initially encourage developments to incorporate minimal Low Impact Development (LID) techniques into Priority Development Projects by January 2008. During this initial phase the LID Handbook will serve as the guidance structure for these LID techniques and the initial LID projects that will be monitored as LID standards and criteria are being developed in the region. San Diego jurisdictions will collectively establish feasibility and applicability criteria and develop specific LID requirements over the next couple years. Once these specific criteria and requirements have been established and accepted by the Board, the jurisdictions will have one year to incorporate the new LID requirements into their local codes and ordinances. Therefore, by the year 2010, the County and other local jurisdictions will each have an updated stormwater program with a comprehensive list of BMPs, including the new LID standards and criteria.
