This monograph “Essentials of Fluid Cytology” is written for practicing pathologists in community hospitals, residents in pathology and cytotechnologists who want to have a quick review of the cytopathology of serous effusions, peritoneal and pelvic washings, cerebrospinal fluid and urine in neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases of the kidney and lower urinary tract. Cytologic manifestations of lesions commonly encountered in day-to-day practice are discussed and illustrated. In keeping with the goals of the author’s cytology monograph series, the text is concise and contains only relevant information. Immunohistochemical features of neoplasms that are important for tumor typing and differential diagnosis are stressed. And for most lesions, cytologic and histologic images are presented side by side for easy comparison.
The history of serous effusion cytology can be traced back to the 19th century. Lucke and Klebs were apparently the first investigators who recognized the presence of malignant cells in an ascitic fluid in 1867. In 1882 Quincke was credited for detailed descriptions of ovarian and lung cancer cells in serous effusions. Since that time reports on effusion cytology have started to appear in the medical literature, and serous effusion cytology now is a routine diagnostic procedure worldwide. In recent years, with the availability of several commercially available antibodies, diagnosis and typing of malignant cells in serous fluids has become more reliable, obviating the time-consuming and expensive electron microscopic examination of effusion cell blocks.
Peritoneal and pelvic washings were first used by Keettel and Elkins in 1956 to detect early spreads of ovarian cancers that were not grossly identifiable on the peritoneal surface at laparotomy. This method of investigation has rapidly and increasingly gained a wide acceptance in evaluating cancers arising from the female genital tract and it is included in the FIGO staging systems for ovarian and endometrial cancers.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytologic evaluation was developed following the introduction of lumbar puncture in 1891 in Germany, and in the beginning, several cases of meningitis were diagnosed cytologically. Tumor cells were first reported in the CSF in 1904 and metastatic cancer cells were increasingly identified after 1908. CSF cytology is now a routine method of investigation of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, worldwide.
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Essentials of Fluid Cytology
