Ebook Trade In Financial Services: India’s Opportunities And Constraints
The financial services sector accounts for a significant share of economic activity in most countries. The sector is recognized for its contribution towards long-term growth and efficiency given its intermediate role in channeling resources to all sectors of the economy. Improved provision of financial services enables greater efficiency in other sectors by expanding the range and enhancing the quality of such services, by lowering costs of funds, and by encouraging savings and more efficient use of these savings.
The financial services sector has undergone important structural changes in recent years with growing numbers of worldwide cross border mergers and acquisitions and increased competition among different types of financial institutions. These structural trends are evident from rising cross border trade and foreign investment flows in financial services, with the developed countries being the main exporters of such services. As a result, the financial services sector has become an important part of the overall globalization of the service sector.
The internationalization of financial services has mainly been driven by the liberalization of this sector around the world, which includes domestic financial deregulation, capital account liberalization, and opening up to foreign competition. In addition, technological advances have also made possible a wider range of services and competitors in this sector. Liberalization of financial services across countries has in turn been prompted by the growing recognition of the need to have an efficient and globally competitive financial sector with international practices and standards, and a high quality and wide range of financial services, that enables efficient intermediation of financial resources. Studies indicate that openness to foreign competition puts pressure on domestic financial firms to improve their productivity and services and also gives them access to new technologies.
However, internationalization of financial services has also raised concerns about the potential risks of opening up this sector. The 1997 Asian crisis and other emerging market crises in recent years have raised concerns about the appropriate speed and extent of financial sector liberalization and the impact of such liberalization on governments’ ability to undertake prudential supervision, conduct monetary policy, and manage volatile capital flows. Such financial crises have also aroused concern about the requisite legal and regulatory framework and economic conditions to ensure that financial sector liberalization does not jeopardize macroeconomic stability.
In view of such considerations and also the fact that the financial sector has historically been under state monopoly in many countries, international trade and investment in financial services remain subject to numerous regulatory constraints. These include prudential regulations, such as capital adequacy ratios, provisioning norms, and liquidity requirements, non-prudential regulatory measures such as lending requirements to certain sectors or regions, and differential treatment of foreign financial firms through restrictions on interest rates or fees and commissions, limits on number of operations and on services provided, licensing and special authorization requirements, restrictions on the number of licenses granted and on the type of legal entity, and government procurement policies.
Contents
FOREWORD
1. INTRODUCTION
2. AN OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL SERVICES IN THE WORLD ECONOMY
3. FINANCIAL SERVICES IN THE INDIAN ECONOMY: CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS
4. CONSTRAINTS TO INDIA’S TRADE IN FINANCIAL SERVICES
5. GATS AND FINANCIAL SERVICES
6. INDIA’S NEGOTIATING STRATEGY IN FINANCIAL SERVICES
7. DOMESTIC REFORMS AND MEASURES
REFERENCES
APPENDIX TABLES
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