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This Technology Reference Guide for Radiologically Contaminated Surfaces (Guide) is designed to help site managers, Remedial Project Managers (RPMs), On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs), their contractors and others identify technologies that are potentially useful in removing radiological contaminants from building, structure, and equipment surfaces as part of a site remediation. The Guide is primarily targeted at sites subject to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA), although it is hoped that it will be useful for other locations facing similar problems.

To make appropriate site response action decisions, site managers need pertinent technical information to help guide them. For this reason, the Guide provides basic information on technologies and references to further information sources. As such, this Guide is decision-focused to help the project manager select an appropriate technology for surface decontamination that will meet the cleanup criteria.

The Guide assumes that the site manager or other decision maker has had some Superfund experience, and is generally aware of the hazards associated with radiological contaminants, but does not necessarily have the expertise of a health physicist. The Guide has a singular focus on decontamination and does not address other aspects of decommissioning, deactivation or dismantlement. It assumes that a decision has been made to clean up the structure and that cleanup goals have already been established. It does not address shielding contamination to prevent exposure. EPA recognizes that site managers fulfill numerous technical, management, and regulatory responsibilities, all driven by the goal of making expedient, yet careful, decisions about their actions. In planning and implementing response actions, this document can be used in the Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) or Proposed Plan processes. In addition, Superfund administrators, EPA site manager counterparts in federal facilities, site managers outside of EPA, EPA Regional Radiation Program staff, and technology vendors can use the Guide to evaluate technology options. The Guide is designed to be a resource, not a teaching tool.

The Guide is meant to be an aid to decision making and is not meant to replace other procedures that are acknowledged as critical to the decision-making process. It may be appropriate to gather information to support remedy selection and implementation through a small-scale engineering study. Such small-scale engineering studies are often laboratory based tests that provide critical information on how a proposed technology will perform under particular real-world conditions. They are relatively low cost and are often used to provide better data support remedy selection and valuation. Small-scale laboratory tests may be followed up with advanced or pilot scale tests if more remedy design information is needed.

Contents

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Executive Summary
Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Purpose
1.2 Regulatory Background
1.3 Technical Approach/Document Development
1.4 Organization and Use of the Guide

Chapter 2. Chemical Decontamination

2.1 Introduction to Chemical Decontamination
2.2 Chelation and Organic Acids
2.2.1 Description of Technology
2.2.2 Target Contaminants
2.2.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
2.2.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
2.2.5 Operating Characteristics
2.2.6 Performance
2.2.7 Capital and Operating Costs
2.2.8 Commercial Availability

2.3 Strong Mineral Acids and Related Materials

2.3.1 Description of Technology
2.3.2 Target Contaminants
2.3.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
2.3.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
2.3.5 Operating Characteristics
2.3.6 Performance
2.3.7 Capital and Operating Costs
2.3.8 Commercial Availability

2.4 Chemical Foams and Gels

2.4.1 Description of Technology
2.4.2 Target Contaminants
2.4.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
2.4.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
2.4.5 Operating Characteristics
2.4.6 Performance
2.4.7 Capital and Operating Costs
2.4.8 Commercial Availability

2.5 Oxidizing and Reducing (REDOX) Agents

2.5.1 Description of Technology
2.5.2 Target Contaminants
2.5.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
2.5.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
2.5.5 Operating Characteristics
2.5.6 Performance
2.5.7 Capital and Operating Costs
2.5.8 Commercial Availability
2.6 TechXtract
2.6.1 Description of Technology
2.6.2 Target Contaminants
2.6.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
2.6.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
2.6.5 Operating Characteristics
2.6.6 Performance
2.6.7 Capital and Operating Costs
2.6.8 Commercial Availability

Chapter 3. Physical Decontamination

3.1 Introduction to Physical Decontamination
3.2 Strippable Coatings
3.2.1 Description of Technology
3.2.2 Target Contaminants
3.2.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
3.2.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management
3.2.5 Operating Characteristics
3.2.6 Performance
3.2.7 Capital and Operating Costs
3.2.8 Commercial Availability

3.3 Centrifugal Shot Blasting

3.3.1 Description of Technology
3.3.2 Target Contaminants
3.3.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
3.3.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
3.3.5 Operating Characteristics
3.3.6 Performance
3.3.7 Capital and Operating Costs
3.3.8 Commercial Availability

3.4 Concrete Grinder

3.4.1 Description of Technology
3.4.2 Target Contaminants
3.4.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
3.4.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
3.4.5 Operating Characteristics
3.4.6 Performance
3.4.7 Capital and Operating Costs
3.4.8 Commercial Availability

3.5 Concrete Shaver

3.5.1 Description of Technology
3.5.2 Target Contaminants
3.5.3 Application Media and Surface Characterization
3.5.4 Waste Stream and Waste Management Issues
3.5.5 Operating Characteristics
3.5.6 Performance
3.5.7 Capital and Operating Costs
3.5.8 Commercial Availability

3.6 Concrete Spaller

3.6.1 Description of Technology
3.6.2 Target Contaminants
3.6.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
3.6.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
3.6.5 Operating Characteristics
3.6.6 Performance
3.6.7 Capital and Operating Costs
3.6.8 Commercial Availability

3.7 Dry Ice Blasting

3.7.1 Description of Technology
3.7.2 Target Contaminants
3.7.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
3.7.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
3.7.5 Operating Characteristics
3.7.6 Performance
3.7.7 Capital and Operating Costs
3.7.8 Commercial Availability

3.8 Dry Vacuum Cleaning

3.8.1 Description of Technology
3.8.2 Target Contaminants
3.8.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
3.8.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
3.8.5 Operating Characteristics
3.8.6 Performance
3.8.7 Capital and Operating Costs
3.8.8 Commercial Availability

3.9 Electro- Hydraulic Scabbling

3.9.1 Description of Technology
3.9.2 Target Contaminants
3.9.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
3.9.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
3.9.5 Operating Characteristics
3.9.6 Performance
3.9.7 Capital and Operating Costs
3.9.8 Commercial Availability

3.10 En-vac Robotic Wall Scabbler

3.10.1 Description of Technology
3.10.2 Target Contaminants
3.10.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
3.10.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
3.10.5 Operating Characteristics
3.10.6 Performance
3.10.7 Capital and Operating Costs
3.10.8 Commercial Availability

3.11 Grit Blasting

3.11.1 Description of Technology
3.11.2 Target Contaminants
3.11.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
3.11.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
3.11.5 Operating Characteristics
3.11.6 Performance
3.11.7 Capital and Operating Costs
3.11.8 Commercial Availability

3.12 High Pressure Water

3.12.1 Description of Technology
3.12.2 Target Contaminants
3.12.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
3.12.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
3.12.5 Operating Characteristics
3.12.6 Performance
3.12.7 Capital and Operating Costs
3.12.8 Commercial Availability

3.13 Soft Media Blast Cleaning (Sponge Blasting)

3.13.1 Description of Technology
3.13.2 Target Contaminants
3.13.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
3.13.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
3.13.5 Operating Characteristics
3.13.6 Performance
3.13.7 Capital and Operating Costs
3.13.8 Commercial Availability

3.14 Steam Vacuum Cleaning

3.14.1 Description of Technology
3.14.2 Target Contaminants
3.14.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
3.14.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
3.14.5 Operating Characteristics
3.14.6 Performance
3.14.7 Capital and Operating Costs
3.14.8 Commercial Availability

3.15 Piston Scabbler

3.15.1 Description of Technology
3.15.2 Target Contaminants
3.15.3 Applicable Media and Surface Characteristics
3.15.4 Waste Streams and Waste Management Issues
3.15.5 Operating Characteristics
3.15.6 Performance
3.15.7 Capital and Operating Costs
3.15.8 Commercial Availability

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