Ebook Hydrogen Sulfide, Oil and Gas, and People’s Health
This paper documents impacts on human health caused by exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) associated with oil and natural gas development. I begin with a brief background on hydrogen sulfide, its presence in oil and natural gas, and possible emission sources from various oil and gas operations. I then present a review of literature from available public health, epidemiology, and industrial health publications, as well as of sources from regulatory and environmental agencies, that addresses human health impacts from exposure to H2S. The Literature Review section first covers studies of health effects from acute exposure to relatively high concentrations of H2S. I then review the literature documenting human health effects from chronic exposure to lower ambient H2S levels. Both kinds of exposure acute and chronic can be expected to occur near oil and gas operations. From the available souces, I construct a table of human health effects associated with different levels of hydrogen sulfide and different lengths of exposure. Reviewing studies on the effects of H2S exposure on laboratory animals is beyond the scope of this study.
Next, I present current federal and state regulations and recommendations pertaining to exposure to hydrogen sulfide. Many recommendations established to protect human health are based on crude exposure estimates or on extrapolation from animal studies. The federal government does not regulate ambient H2S levels, but many states do. Three states conduct routine monitoring of ambient H2S levels, and several others have monitored H2S as part of specific projects. I present the available monitoring data, as well as anecdotal evidence about H2S emissions and human health concerns that I obtained from conversations with staff at state environmental agencies.
The final component of my research consists of informal interviews with people living near oil and gas operations who have been, or believe they have been, exposed to hydrogen sulfide and believe they are experiencing adverse heath effects due to exposure. Enough evidence emerges from literature searches and reviews, environmental health professionals, available monitoring data, and personal stories to warrant more research. Although the evidence is patchy, the potential for health risks is real and the stakes are high. More monitoring and regulation are required to adequately protect human health.
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Hydrogen Sulfide in the Environment
3. Hydrogen Sulfide and Oil and Gas
4. Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from Oil and Gas Facilities
5. Human Health Effects from Exposure to Hydrogen Sulfide
- 5.1 Literature Review - Acute Exposure
5.2 Literature Review - Chronic Exposure
6. Regulations and Recommendations for Exposure to Hydrogen Sulfide
- 6.1 Federal Recommendations and Regulations
6.2 State Regulations
- 6.2.1 Special H 2 S Monitoring Studies
- 6.2.1.1 Arkansas
6.2.1.2 Colorado
6.2.1.3 Louisiana
6.2.1.4 New Mexico
6.2.1.5 North Dakota
- 6.2.2 Routine Monitoring
- 6.2.2.1 California
6.2.2.2 Oklahoma
6.2.2.3 Texas
7. Evidence From People Living Near Oil and Gas Operations
8. Concluding Remarks
Bibliography
Appendix A: Guidelines for Occupational Exposure to Hydrogen Sulfide
Appendix B: State Ambient Hydrogen Sulfide Standards
Appendix C: California Air Districts
Appendix D: Interview Narratives
Tables
1. Health Effects Associated with Hydrogen Sulfide
2. Summary of Studies
3. Summary of Monitoring Data from New Mexico Study
4. California H 2 S Monitoring Sites
5. Summary of Interviews
Figures
1. Map of Major H 2 S-prone Areas in the Continental United States
2. State Ambient H 2 S Regulations
3. Tulsa H 2 S Monitoring Data
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