Ebook Guidelines For Predicting Dietary Intake Of Pesticide Residues
The Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR) is a subsidiary body of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) that advises on all matters related to pesticide residues. Its primary objective is to develop Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs), in order to protect the health of the consumer while facilitating international trade. Public health considerations are taken into account by establishing the MRLs at levels not higher than those resulting from use of the pesticide in accordance with Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). However, explicit consideration of possible exposure to residues of a pesticide is an integral part of the risk assessment process to ensure that the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of the pesticide is not exceeded. The best assurance that exposure to residues are within safe limits is obtained from dietary intake studies which can provide detailed food consumption data and accurate and reliable pesticide residue data. When such studies are not feasible or the pesticide is not yet being used or has only recently been approved for use, pesticide residue intake must be predicted on the basis of the available data.
In 1989, guidelines for predicting dietary intake of pesticide residues were prepared by the Global Environment Monitoring System Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme (GEMS/Food) in collaboration with the CCPR (WHO, 1989). Based on these guidelines, GEMS/Food routinely provided international dietary exposure assessment calculations for pesticides considered by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) and the CCPR. The guidelines were effective in resolving concerns for dietary intake for most pesticides; however, exposure assessments for a number of pesticides indicated that more accurate methods for estimating intake of pesticide residues were required. On the request of the CCPR and consistent with a recommendation of the FAO/WHO expert consultation on risk analysis (FAO/WHO, 1995a), a joint FAO/WHO consultation was convened 2-6 May 1995 in York, United Kingdom to revise the 1989 guidelines. Based on the report of this consultation (FAO/WHO, 1995b), the present revised guidelines have been prepared by GEMS/Food.
The revised guidelines address methods for exposure assessment of longterm hazards posed by pesticide residues to be conducted at the international and national levels. The procedures described for the international level are used, in part, by the CCPR in considering the acceptability of MRLs being developed by that committee. The guidelines also cover the exposure assessment of acute hazards which are of particular concern for certain pesticides. Worked examples of various intake calculations are also included to illustrate the best use of data in assessing exposure and characterizing risk. The present guidelines are intended to assist national authorities in their considerations on the acceptability of Codex MRLs and in making national decisions on granting of pesticide registration. The approaches described here are designed to provide reasonable assurance that use of Codex MRLs will not result in a dietary intake of a pesticide that exceeds its ADI, or acute Reference Dose (acute RfD) when appropriate. For the purpose of these guidelines, the terms “dietary exposure” and “dietary intake” are considered synonymous. A glossary of various terms used in this document is presented in Annex 1.
Contents
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
1. Introduction
2. Risk assessment of long-term hazards posed by pesticide residues
2.1 Acceptable Daily Intakes
2.2 Residue levels
2.3 Exposure assessment
2.4 Risk characterization
3. Predicting dietary intake of pesticide residues at the international level (long-term hazards)
3.1 Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake
- 3.1.1 Estimates of residue levels
3.1.2 Estimates of food consumption
3.2 International Estimated Daily Intake
- 3.2.1 Median residue levels from supervised trials, including residue definition
3.2.2 Residues in edible portions
3.2.3 Residues after processing
3.2.3.1 Development and use of data on food processing
3.2.3.2 Metabolites and degradation products
- 3.2.4 Other known uses of the pesticide
3.2.5 Estimates of food consumption
4. Predicting dietary intake of pesticide residues at the national level (long-term hazards)
4.1 National Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake
- 4.1.1 Estimates of residue levels
4.1.2 Estimates of food consumption
4.2 National Estimated Daily Intake
- 4.2.1 Estimates of residue levels available only at the national level
4.2.1.1 Proportion of crop or commodity treated
4.2.1.2 Proportions of crop or commodity produced domestically and imported
4.2.1.3 Compliance monitoring and surveillance data
4.2.1.4 Total diet studies
- 4.2.2 Estimates of food consumption
5. Risk assessment of acute hazards posed by pesticide residues
5.1 Derivation of the Acute Reference Dose
5.2 Transient exposures over the acute RfD
5.3 Single and multiple exposures
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