Ebook A Computer Controlled Endorectal Cooling Device for Laser Thermal Therapy
The prostate is part of the male reproductive system which secretes a slightly alkaline fluid which helps protect the semen from acidic conditions found in the vaginal tract. The prostate is approximately the size of a walnut. It is located at the base of the penis and between the muscular tissues of the rectum and bladder, with the urethra running from the bladder through the prostate and to the penis [1].
Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer in Canada [2]. Originating in the prostate gland, it has the potential of growing and metastasizing, albeit a few prostate cancers grow slowly.
There is no single cause of prostate cancer; however, there are several risk factors that can lead to the disease. These include old age, specifically 65 years of age or older, a family history of prostate cancer, and having African origin. Those with high risk may be tested for prostate cancer by having a digital rectal exam for lumps and changes in the texture. A blood test screening for Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) levels may also be used to detect prostate cancer. These are proteins that leak into the blood from the prostate. When the prostate is enlarged due to inflammation, because of either Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH), or cancer, the PSA levels are much higher, and so PSA levels may or may not indicate the presence of cancer.
Confirmation of cancer is made using biopsies under transrectal ultrasound imaging. This involves placing an ultrasound probe into the rectum to generate a 2-dimensional image of the prostate and to indicate biopsy trajectories. Samples are taken from the prostate tissue and analyzed to determine a Gleason score, which is a score between 2 and 10, where the higher the score the more likely the cancer is to spread. A Gleason score subsequently influences the treatment options that will be used [3].
Contents
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Appendices
Chapter 1 Introduction
1 Introduction
- 1.1 Background
1.2 Motivation
1.3 Project Goals and Overview
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2 Literature Review
- 2.1 Literature Review
2.2 Summary and proposed method
Chapter 3 Methods
3 Methods
- 3.1 COSMOSXpress Simulations
- 3.1.1 Design of the Anatomy in COSMOSXpress
3.1.2 Simulation: Setup and Governing Equations
3.2 Treatment Planning Simulations
- 3.2.1 Governing Equations
3.3 Design of the Endorectal Cooling Unit
- 3.3.1 Endorectal Balloon
3.3.2 Reservoir, Pump and Thermistors
3.3.3 Heat Exchanger
3.3.4 The LabVIEW Program
3.3.5 Tubing and Energy Losses
3.3.6 Preliminary Thermal Regulation Experiments
Chapter 4 Results
4 Results
- 4.1.1 COSMOSXpress Simulations
4.1.2 Simulations from the Treatment Planning Program
4.1.3 Phantom Experiments
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future Work
5 Conclusion and Future Work
References
Appendix A
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