An increase in the number and ratio of women in decision-making positions in Japan is an important goal. In this connection, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) created the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), a composite index to ascertain gender inequality in three basic dimensions of empowerment: economic participation and decision-making, political participation and decision-making, and power over economic resources. The GEM investigates such indicators as the ratio of women to men in executive positions and legislatures as well as the income gap.
To reflect women’s needs economically and socially, expanding of their participation in decision-making in Japan is not only indispensable and will have great significance in expanding the layer of talented individuals who can support the nation’s aging society and compensate for the loss of working-age population in the country, but also in creating more chances to demonstrate women’s abilities and removing prejudice against them.
Female managers, however, are still rare in the Japanese business world, while the number of woman at the executive level is negligible. I think that an investigation of female directors’ careers and research into the factors leading to their assuming such positions would be helpful to encourage women to make efforts to advance their careers in the future. In addition, such an investigation will lead to a greater understanding of the Japanese social and economic system.
In United States, the number of women managers has been increasing since the 1970’s. Today, nearly half of all U.S. managers (around 46.5 percent) are women, and women are beginning to break the so-called glass ceiling to become top-level executives as well. In this study, I have attempted to compare women executives in Japan with their counterparts in the United States in order to learn about and understand the problems and challenges they face.
CONTENTS
Introduction
Chapter 1. Policies and Issues Related to Working Women in Japan and the United States
Chapter 2. Japanese Survey
Chapter 3. U.S. Survey and Comparison with Japanese Women Executives
Conclusion
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