Heart disease and stroke are major causes of illness, disability and death in Canada and they exact high personal, community and health care costs. The goal of The Changing Face of Heart Disease and Stroke in Canada , the fifth in a series of reports from the Canadian Heart and Stroke Surveillance System (CHSSS), is to provide health professionals and policy makers with an overview of current trends in risk factors, interventions and services, and health outcomes of heart disease and stroke in Canada. It is a collaborative effort of the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, Statistics Canada, the Canadian Institute for Health Information, the Canadian Cardiovascular Society, and the Canadian Stroke Society.
The publication of The Changing Face of Heart Disease and Stroke in Canada comes at a time of change on several fronts: Change in the age structure and ethnic make up of the population, with more elderly and more Canadians from a variety of backgrounds; Change in the management of AMI and stroke with the use of care maps, innovative technology and evidence based interventions; Change in the organization and delivery of health services; and Increased recognition of the need to target programs for risk reduction to children and adolescents, and to ensure that the specific needs of women, Aboriginal peoples, and individuals from a variety of ethnic backgrounds are met.
It is hoped that the information contained in this report will lead to responses that not only acknowledge these changes but, more importantly, will build effectively upon them. The report is organized into three general sections Risk Factors and Conditions; Interventions; Services and Costs; and Health Outcomes and it includes a special chapter on Youth. This latter chapter takes an in depth look at risk factors for heart disease and stroke among children and adolescents. It includes evidence from the research literature on factors that influence the early adoption of healthy behaviours. Each chapter concludes with a section on policy implications for programs and services, and specific recommendations for improving data in each subject area. These policy implications are not exhaustive but are intended to serve as a starting point for organizations and individuals in planning their responses.
The 1997 report in this series highlighted stroke in Canada by devoting a separate chapter to the topic. In contrast, The Changing Face of Heart Disease and Stroke in Canada integrates data on stroke with data on heart disease within each chapter. This approach not only recognizes the similarity of their risk factors, but also emphasizes the need to consider the prevention of both heart disease and stroke as a common effort.
The data for this report have been obtained from a variety of sources. Several new sources of data that were not used in previous reports are included, but many gaps in the data still remain. Before heart disease and stroke in Canada can be fully understood, more effort is needed toward closing these gaps.
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 RISK FACTORS
Chapter 2 INTERVENTIONS, SERVICES and COSTS
Chapter 3 HEALTH OUTCOMES
Chapter 4 YOUTH
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